Lingan School
- The sound of Experiment
- Oct 21, 2024
- 5 min read
Updated: Oct 24, 2024
Introduction
East Asia extends to Mongolia, mainland China, Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and North and South Korea. East Asian art and culture are characterized by philosophical schools of thought and language systems such as Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Shamanism (Asian Art | Oxford Art). It is worth noting that modernism in East Asia had a different starting point in the countries that make up the region. In China, the starting point of modernism can be considered its defeat in the Second Opium War in 1860 (Meccarelli et al.). In 1861, Emperor Xianfeng admitted that Imperial China had to treat Europe and Japan on the basis of equality. That year the first Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established in China, followed by China's gradual and managed adoption of a number of key European institutions and practices in conducting diplomacy and international affairs, the kowtow, a long-standing symbol of Chinese culture, was officially abolished (Park). At the same time, scholars in China broke with entrenched conservative thinking and began to actively seek to create and promote new art schools and styles. This not only fostered a large amount of ideological progress among social elites, but also gave birth to the "eclectic fusion of Chinese and Western Han styles, ancient and modern" Lingnan's school. The Lingnan School supported the introduction of Western painting styles by incorporating Han Chinese and Western paintings in the spirit of the Eastern arts revolution, while preserving the traditional painting techniques of Han Chinese. The school was founded by two Gao and one Chen-Gao Jianfu, also known as "The Big Three of Lingnan". His style was revolutionary and innovative, especially compared to traditional Chinese painting. He was influenced by the Nihonga visual arts and by the early Qing painter Yun Shouping (1633–1690). Along with Cantonese opera and Cantonese music, they are known as "the three schools of Lingnan" (Wikipedia contributors, ‘Lingnan School’).
Arts
As far as the arts are concerned, China's defeat in the Second Opium War in 1860 played an important role in the use of the camera, greatly influenced the art trade, but also the style of art produced. At the same time, a schism developed among conservative artists who sought to preserve their legacy in the face of rapid Westernization and innovative artists. In particular, three styles appeared in painting: 1) the Lingan school, 2) the Beijing School (or Beijing style) and 3) the Shanghai School (or Shanghai style) (Meccarelli et al.). These three schools formed the three pillars of modern Chinese painting.
Music
As far as music in China was concerned, as intellectuals had begun to travel abroad for new ideas by the end of the nineteenth century, a new musical movement emerged, the "New Music," as they called it. The "New Music" movement combined Chinese music with Western music. In particular, "New Music" reflected the new compositional techniques and musical idioms of the European styles of the eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Liu and Mason). During this period, Cantonese opera was developed, one of the most important categories of Chinese opera, originating in a provincial city in southern China (Guangdong). Like all versions of Chinese opera, it is a traditional Chinese art form, involving music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting (Wikipedia contributors, ‘Cantonese Opera’).
Cantonese Opera
As far as Cantonese opera is concerned, its origins are still being investigated, but it is generally accepted that this opera originated in the north of China and was gradually moved to the south at the end of 13Th Century. Many well-known operas performed today were written during the Ming dynasty. During the 1840s, many businessmen went to Shanghai and opened department stores and managed Cantonese opera companies. As they had enough capital, their influence gradually increased, which led to the development of Cantonese opera in Shanghai. Cantonese opera works are classified as either "theatrical" or "singing scene". The theatrical style of music can be divided into Western music and Chinese music. While the "singing scene" style is always Western music, the theatrical style was often Chinese or Western music. Western music in Cantonese opera was accompanied by strings, woodwinds, brass instruments and electrified instruments. The lyrics were written to fit the melodies of the work, although a song could contain many melodies, with performers able to add their own elements. The correct performance of a song depended on the emotional involvement and ability of the performers. (Wikipedia contributors).
Notable Compositions
The Hungry Horse Rings His Bell – He Luitang (
Flute and Drum at Sunset - Yinghai Li
Li Yinghai (1927-2007) wrote orchestral works and songs, as well as books on music theory. The project Flute and Drum at Sunset It is a piano improvisation based on an ancient melody for the pipe, a popular Chinese folk music instrument. It is less fragmented than ancient works, emphasizing logical musical development. The pentatonic scale gives the work a traditional sound. (Pan Young) (Flute and Drum at Sunset, by Yinghai Li).
Peixun Chen’s Autumn Moon on a Calm Lake (1930)
Lu Wencheng (1898–1981) was a Chinese composer and musician. The project Autumn moon in a calm Lake It is one of the best-known works of Cantonese music ('Lü Wencheng'). It is a Chinese folk song and perhaps the most representative piece of the composer. He composed the music on a visit to the famous West Lake in Hangzhou and it is a wonderful expression of his respect for the beauty and grace of the landscape. West Lake has been considered since ancient times as a beautiful place of tranquility and music depicts the atmosphere and sense of place in tranquility. The Wencheng incorporated elements of Zhejiang folk music in the Guangdong style for which the composer is famous (‘Autumn Moon Over the Calm Lake’).
Higher With Every Step [Bu Bu Gao (步步高)] - Lü Wencheng (1920)
Lu Wencheng (1898–1981) was a Chinese composer and musician ('Lü Wencheng').
Sunrise – Wan Fang (2015)
The project Sunrise It is a modern Chinese classical opera. The libretto was written by Wan Fang (‘Sunrise (Opera)’).
Bibliography
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Asian Art | Oxford Art. https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/asian-art. Accessed 22 Sept. 2022.
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Bu Bu Gao (步步高) - Higher With Every Step. Directed by Stupid Genius, 2014. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RG8gtxHXHo.
Cantonese Music: Hungry Horse Rings Its Bell 饿马摇铃. Directed by dbadagna, 2009. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4WdV-VUFlc.
Flute and Drum at Sunset, by Yinghai Li. Directed by Rodney Leinberger, 2016. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbxbCALfUXg.
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Liu, Ching-chih, and Caroline Mason. A Critical History of New Music in China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2010. Project MUSE, https://muse.jhu.edu/book/34918.
‘Lü Wencheng’. Wikipedia, 3 Oct. 2022. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BC_Wencheng&oldid=1113858679.
Meccarelli, Marco, et al. CHINA AND THE WEST IN THE ART OF THE 19 TH CENTURY: A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PAINTING AND PHOTOGRAPHY.*. 2013, pp. 117–60.
Park, Seo-Hyun. ‘Changing Definitions of Sovereignty in Nineteenth-Century East Asia: Japan and Korea Between China and the West’. Journal of East Asian Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, 2013, pp. 281–307. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23418778.
Piano - Autumn Moon on a Calm Lake 平湖秋月. Directed by kwwkwwkww, 2008. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HeEs7HXHxo.
‘Sunrise (Opera)’. Wikipedia, 8 Oct. 2022. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunrise_(opera)&oldid=1114868484.
The Hegemon-King Bids His Lady Farewell - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hegemon-King_Bids_His_Lady_Farewell. Accessed 4 Nov. 2022.
Wikipedia contributors. ‘Cantonese Opera’. Cantonese Opera, Wikipedia contributors, 28 June 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_opera&oldid=1095445832.
---. ‘Lingnan School’. Lingnan School, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia., 11 Jan. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingnan_School&oldid=999710618.
---. ‘Shanghai School (Painting)’. Shanghai School (Painting), Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia., 4 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_School_(painting)&oldid=1069951583.
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